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Non-British personnel were included in the Royal Air Force and Fleet Air Arm before the beginning of World War Two and many of them served in the Battle of Britain in 1940. Many were volunteers from the British Empire and refugees and exiles from German-occupied Europe. Pilots from Poland, New Zealand, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Australia, South Africa, France, Ireland, the United States of America, Southern Rhodesia, Jamaica, Barbados, Newfoundland