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Old Roman chant is the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Roman rite of the Roman Catholic Church formerly performed in Rome, closely related to but distinct from the Gregorian chant, which gradually supplanted it between the 11th century and the 13th century. Unlike other chant traditions such as Ambrosian chant, Mozarabic chant, and Gallican chant, Old Roman chant and Gregorian chant share essentially the same liturgy and the same texts, and many of their melodies are closely related. Although primarily associated with the churches of Rome, Old Roman chant was also performed in parts of central Italy and possibly even in Great Britain and Ireland. The chant which we now call "Old Roman" comes primarily from a small number of sources, including three graduals and two antiphoners from between 1071 and 1250. Although these are later than many notated sources from other chant traditions, this chant is called "Old Roman" because it is believed to reflect a Roman oral tradition going back several centuries, until its use was replaced by Gregorian chant. There are several theories concerning the origins of Gregorian and Old Roman chant, but one prominent hypothesis, supported by Apel and Snow, posits that both chant traditions derive from a common Roman ancestor in use circa 750 AD. In order to consolidate ecclesiastical power and strengthen their political ties to the power of the Roman church, the Franks, especially under the Carolingian rulers Pepin and Charlemagne, brough
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